Regenerative Agriculture: 5) Carbon Sequestration and Climate Resilience

Carbon Sequestration and Climate Resilience: The Vital Role of Regenerative Agriculture

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Understanding Carbon Sequestration and Its Impact on Climate Change
3. The Urgency of Climate Resilience
4. The Role of Regenerative Agriculture in Mitigating Climate Change
   1. Carbon Farming: A Holistic Approach to Carbon Sequestration
   2. Agroforestry: The Power of Trees in Carbon Sequestration
   3. Cover Cropping and No-Till Farming: Enhancing Soil Carbon Storage
   4. Livestock Management: Balancing Grazing and Carbon Sequestration
   5. Perennial Crops: Carbon-Rich Alternatives to Annual Crops
5. Building Carbon-Rich Soils for Climate Resilience
   1. Composting: Nature's Recipe for Soil Carbon Enrichment
   2. Vermicomposting: Earthworms as Soil Carbon Champions
   3. Biochar: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Soil Carbon Enhancement
   4. Mulching: The Protective Blanket for Carbon-Rich Soil
   5. Green Manure: Harnessing Nitrogen Fixation for Soil Carbon
6. Case Studies of Successful Carbon Sequestration Projects
   1. The Marin Carbon Project: Rangeland Restoration for Carbon Sequestration
   2. Regenerative Agriculture in the Midwest: Restoring Carbon to Farmlands
   3. Agroforestry Initiatives: Trees as Climate Guardians
   4. Carbon Farming in Developing Nations: Empowering Smallholders for Resilience
7. Overcoming Challenges and Barriers to Scaling Carbon Sequestration
   1. Policy and Financial Support for Regenerative Agriculture
   2. Knowledge and Education: Empowering Farmers for Climate Resilience
   3. Market Demand for Carbon-Sequestered Products
   4. Collaborative Initiatives: Uniting Efforts for Carbon Sequestration
8. The Future of Carbon Sequestration and Climate Resilience
9. Conclusion

1. Introduction

The world stands at a critical juncture, grappling with the impacts of climate change, a pressing global challenge that demands immediate and concerted action. As the frequency of extreme weather events intensifies, sea levels rise, and ecosystems face unprecedented threats, the need for climate resilience becomes more urgent than ever.

Amidst this crisis, regenerative agriculture emerges as a beacon of hope, offering transformative solutions to mitigate climate change while building resilience to its consequences. At the heart of regenerative agriculture lies the concept of carbon sequestration – the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the soil and plants. By harnessing the power of nature's regenerative capacity, regenerative agriculture aims to enhance soil health, biodiversity, and ecosystem resilience while sequestering significant amounts of carbon.

In this comprehensive exploration of carbon sequestration and climate resilience, we delve deep into the vital role of regenerative agriculture in mitigating climate change. We uncover the mechanisms by which regenerative practices capture and store carbon, bolstering the earth's climate resilience. From carbon farming to agroforestry, we explore the diverse strategies that empower farmers and land managers to become climate guardians.

Furthermore, we delve into the art of building carbon-rich soils, a fundamental aspect of climate resilience. Composting, vermicomposting, biochar, mulching, and green manure are among the techniques we explore in enriching soils with carbon, fostering a thriving underground ecosystem that sustains life aboveground.

To inspire and motivate, we present case studies of successful carbon sequestration projects, highlighting the transformative potential of regenerative agriculture in diverse landscapes worldwide. From rangeland restoration to agroforestry initiatives, these stories of success demonstrate the power of collaboration and dedication in creating a climate-resilient future.

Nevertheless, challenges and barriers to scaling carbon sequestration efforts persist. We analyze these hurdles, from the need for policy support to enhancing knowledge and education among farmers. By identifying the obstacles, we pave the way for collective efforts to overcome them and accelerate the adoption of regenerative practices on a global scale.

Finally, we peer into the future of carbon sequestration and climate resilience, exploring the potential for a world where regenerative agriculture plays a central role in shaping a sustainable and thriving planet. As we conclude this journey, we reflect on the imperative of collective action, highlighting the role of individuals, communities, governments, and businesses in fostering climate resilience and safeguarding the future of generations to come.

2. Understanding Carbon Sequestration and Its Impact on Climate Change

Before delving into the intricacies of regenerative agriculture and carbon sequestration, it is essential to understand the broader context of climate change and its consequences for our planet.

The Science of Climate Change

Climate change is a result of the increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth's atmosphere, primarily caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent GHG, accounting for approximately 80% of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.

As these GHGs accumulate in the atmosphere, they trap heat, leading to the phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. This trapped heat warms the earth's surface, causing global temperatures to rise, and triggers a cascade of effects on the climate.

The Impacts of Climate Change

The consequences of climate change are manifold, affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, water resources, agriculture, and human communities. Rising sea levels threaten coastal habitats and vulnerable communities, while extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires, become more frequent and severe.

Agriculture, which sustains billions of people worldwide, faces significant risks as changing climatic conditions disrupt growing seasons, alter precipitation patterns, and expose crops to new pests and diseases. For farmers and food systems, building resilience to climate change is imperative to ensure food security and sustainable livelihoods.

The Promise of Carbon Sequestration

Amidst the daunting challenges of climate change, carbon sequestration emerges as a powerful and promising solution. This process involves capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in long-term reservoirs, such as soil, forests, and oceans. By reducing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, carbon sequestration helps mitigate the greenhouse effect and slow down global warming.

Regenerative agriculture, with its focus on building healthy soils and restoring ecosystems, stands as a key ally in the quest for carbon sequestration. Through a range of regenerative practices, farmers and land managers can enhance carbon storage in the soil, promoting climate resilience while improving agricultural productivity.

3. The Urgency of Climate Resilience

As the impacts of climate change become increasingly evident, the urgency to build climate resilience intensifies. Resilience refers to the ability of natural systems, communities, and economies to withstand and recover from shocks and disturbances.

In the context of agriculture, climate resilience involves adapting farming practices to withstand the effects of climate change, including extreme weather events, changing temperatures, and variable precipitation. Resilient agricultural systems are better equipped to maintain productivity, preserve natural resources, and safeguard livelihoods in the face of climate-induced challenges.

In addition to adapting to climate change, resilience also encompasses the capacity to mitigate its impacts. Carbon sequestration, as a climate mitigation strategy, plays a pivotal role in enhancing the resilience of ecosystems and communities.

4. The Role of Regenerative Agriculture in Mitigating Climate Change
a. Carbon Farming: A Holistic Approach to Carbon Sequestration

Carbon farming encompasses a range of regenerative practices that prioritize carbon sequestration and soil health. By implementing these practices, farmers can increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil, vegetation, and agricultural products.

One of the foundational practices of carbon farming is agroforestry, where trees are integrated into agricultural landscapes. Trees, with their immense capacity to capture and store carbon, act as potent guardians against climate change. Agroforestry systems not only sequester carbon but also provide numerous co-benefits, such as shade, windbreaks, and biodiversity conservation.

Moreover, agroforestry enhances the water-holding capacity of the soil, mitigating the impact of droughts and floods. By intercropping trees with crops, farmers create diverse and resilient ecosystems that withstand the uncertainties of a changing climate.

b. Agroforestry: The Power of Trees in Carbon Sequestration

Agroforestry, the art of integrating trees and agriculture, emerges as a masterful strategy in the fight against climate change. Trees, with their vast root systems, draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into biomass, storing carbon for decades or even centuries.

Silvopasture, a form of agroforestry that combines trees with livestock grazing, presents a remarkable opportunity for carbon sequestration. As trees intermingle with pastures, they capture carbon while providing shade and forage for livestock.

c. Cover Cropping and No-Till Farming: Enhancing Soil Carbon Storage

Cover cropping and no-till farming are two interrelated practices that contribute significantly to soil carbon storage. Cover crops, grown between main crop seasons, protect the soil from erosion and improve its structure.

Moreover, cover crops enhance soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, a vital nutrient for plant growth. As cover crops decompose, they add organic matter to the soil, increasing its carbon content and supporting a thriving soil microbiome.

When combined with no-till farming, where the soil is left undisturbed by plowing, cover cropping becomes even more effective in carbon sequestration. No-till farming prevents soil erosion, preserves soil structure, and reduces the release of carbon dioxide from the soil into the atmosphere.

d. Livestock Management: Balancing Grazing and Carbon Sequestration

Livestock farming, when managed regeneratively, can play a role in carbon sequestration and climate resilience. Holistic planned grazing, an innovative approach to livestock management, involves rotational grazing that mimics the natural movement of wild herds.

In this system, livestock graze intensively on a small area, stimulating plant growth and carbon uptake. After grazing, the area is allowed to rest and recover, enabling vegetation to sequester more carbon.

Additionally, manure from grazing animals contributes to soil fertility, enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients. With well-managed grazing, farmers can strike a balance between livestock production and carbon sequestration, creating a sustainable and resilient farming system.

e. Perennial Crops: Carbon-Rich Alternatives to Annual Crops

While annual crops play a vital role in global food production, they often involve intensive land preparation and frequent soil disturbance. In contrast, perennial crops, such as perennial grains, fruits, and nuts, offer carbon-rich alternatives to traditional annual crops.

Perennial crops have extensive root systems that remain in the soil year-round, promoting soil carbon storage and erosion prevention. Moreover, perennial agriculture reduces the need for frequent replanting and tilling, which can release carbon from the soil.

By integrating perennial crops into agricultural systems, farmers can bolster carbon sequestration while diversifying their crop portfolios and building climate-resilient landscapes.

5. Building Carbon-Rich Soils for Climate Resilience

While regenerative agricultural practices naturally enhance soil carbon storage, additional strategies can be employed to accelerate the process of building carbon-rich soils.

a. Composting: Nature's Recipe for Soil Carbon Enrichment

Composting, often referred to as "black gold" in organic farming, is a time-honored practice that converts organic waste into nutrient-rich compost. Through the decomposition of organic materials like kitchen scraps, yard trimmings, and farm residues, composting releases carbon and other essential nutrients that enrich the soil.

As compost is incorporated into the soil, it enhances its water-holding capacity and improves soil structure, fostering a hospitable environment for beneficial microorganisms. Composting also helps mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by diverting organic waste from landfills, where it would otherwise decompose and release methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

b. Vermicomposting: Earthworms as Soil Carbon Champions

Vermicomposting, a specialized form of composting, involves using earthworms to break down organic matter. These diligent workers process the compostable materials, releasing nutrient-rich castings known as vermicompost.

Vermicompost is teeming with beneficial microorganisms that contribute to soil health and carbon sequestration. When applied to the soil, vermicompost enhances its fertility, promotes root growth, and improves water retention.

Moreover, earthworms themselves play a crucial role in carbon sequestration. As they burrow through the soil, they create channels that enhance aeration and allow organic matter to penetrate deeper into the soil, further increasing carbon storage.

c. Biochar: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Soil Carbon Enhancement

Biochar, a form of charcoal produced from biomass through a process called pyrolysis, represents an ancient agricultural practice with contemporary applications. This porous and stable form of carbon remains in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years, making it a potent tool for carbon sequestration.

When incorporated into the soil, biochar enhances its water-holding capacity, nutrient retention, and microbial activity. The unique structure of biochar provides a refuge for beneficial microorganisms, facilitating their growth and activities in the soil.

Furthermore, biochar acts as a carbon sink, locking carbon in the soil for extended periods. By converting agricultural and forestry waste into biochar instead of allowing it to decompose and release carbon dioxide, farmers can effectively sequester carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

d. Mulching: The Protective Blanket for Carbon-Rich Soil

Mulching, like a nurturing embrace, blankets the soil surface with organic materials such as straw, leaves, or wood chips. This protective layer not only conserves soil moisture and regulates soil temperature but also contributes to carbon sequestration.

As organic mulch breaks down, it releases carbon into the soil, enriching its carbon content. Additionally, mulch fosters a favorable environment for soil-dwelling organisms, promoting their activities and contributing to the carbon cycle.

Mulching also aids in soil erosion control, reducing the loss of carbon-rich topsoil due to water runoff or wind. By protecting the soil from erosive forces, mulch ensures that carbon remains in the ground, supporting long-term carbon sequestration efforts.

e. Green Manure: Harnessing Nitrogen Fixation for Soil Carbon

Green manure, a practice rooted in ancient farming traditions, involves growing cover crops and then incorporating them into the soil while still green. These cover crops, often leguminous plants, play a dual role – enriching the soil with nitrogen and enhancing carbon sequestration.

Leguminous plants have a unique ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules. When these cover crops are turned into the soil, they not only provide a valuable source of nitrogen for subsequent crops but also contribute to soil organic matter and carbon.

As green manure becomes a regular part of the cropping cycle, the soil's carbon content increases, supporting healthier plant growth and building climate resilience.

6. Case Studies of Successful Carbon Sequestration Projects
a. The Marin Carbon Project: Rangeland Restoration for Carbon Sequestration

The Marin Carbon Project, nestled in the rolling hills of California, USA, exemplifies the power of regenerative agriculture in carbon sequestration. Through a collaboration between researchers, farmers, and land managers, the project explores the potential of rangelands to sequester carbon.

In this pioneering initiative, ranchers apply compost to their rangeland, enhancing soil fertility and carbon storage. The compost not only boosts forage productivity but also contributes to the formation of stable soil organic carbon.

Additionally, the project examines the role of grazing management in carbon sequestration. Holistic planned grazing practices, which mimic natural grazing patterns, promote the growth of perennial grasses and deep-rooted plants, facilitating carbon capture.

The Marin Carbon Project demonstrates the transformative potential of regenerative practices in restoring carbon-rich soils and building climate resilience in agricultural landscapes.

b. Regenerative Agriculture in the Midwest: Restoring Carbon to Farmlands

The vast agricultural lands of the Midwest in the United States have long been associated with conventional farming practices that deplete soil carbon. However, a growing movement towards regenerative agriculture offers hope for restoring carbon to these farmlands.

By implementing no-till farming, cover cropping, and diverse crop rotations, farmers in the Midwest are enriching their soils with organic matter and sequestering carbon. These practices promote a thriving underground ecosystem, where beneficial microorganisms play a vital role in carbon sequestration.

Moreover, agroforestry initiatives, such as windbreak plantings and riparian buffers, are being integrated into farmlands, further contributing to carbon sequestration while providing valuable ecosystem services.

As regenerative agriculture gains momentum in the Midwest, farmers are witnessing the restoration of soil health and resilience to changing climatic conditions.

c. Agroforestry Initiatives: Trees as Climate Guardians

Around the world, agroforestry initiatives emerge as powerful tools in the fight against climate change. These projects integrate trees with agricultural practices, harnessing the carbon-sequestering capabilities of forests while maintaining agricultural productivity.

In countries like Kenya and India, smallholder farmers are adopting agroforestry systems that combine fruit trees, timber trees, and crops. As these trees mature, they sequester significant amounts of carbon, while their products contribute to sustainable livelihoods for local communities.

Beyond carbon sequestration, agroforestry provides numerous benefits, such as improved water management, biodiversity conservation, and reduced soil erosion. These initiatives demonstrate the potential of integrating trees into agricultural landscapes to promote climate resilience and foster sustainable development.

d. Carbon Farming in Developing Nations: Empowering Smallholders for Resilience

In developing nations, smallholder farmers bear the brunt of climate change impacts, despite contributing minimally to greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon farming initiatives are empowering these farmers to become climate champions while enhancing their livelihoods.

Projects in countries like Uganda, Costa Rica, and Vietnam focus on sustainable land management practices that sequester carbon and support agricultural productivity. Agroforestry systems, reforestation efforts, and improved soil management contribute to carbon sequestration, benefiting local communities and ecosystems.

These initiatives are often supported by international partnerships, providing funding, technical expertise, and market access for carbon-sequestering products. By empowering smallholders, carbon farming projects cultivate climate resilience, poverty reduction, and environmental stewardship.

7. Overcoming Challenges and Barriers to Scaling Carbon Sequestration
a. Policy and Financial Support for Regenerative Agriculture

One of the foremost challenges in scaling carbon sequestration efforts is the lack of adequate policy support and financial incentives for regenerative agriculture. Conventional agricultural systems, heavily reliant on synthetic inputs and industrial practices, often receive more substantial subsidies and support.

To promote the adoption of regenerative practices, governments and international organizations must prioritize policies that incentivize carbon sequestration and support farmers in transitioning to sustainable methods. Financial mechanisms, such as carbon markets and payments for ecosystem services, can provide farmers with economic incentives to sequester carbon.

Additionally, investments in research and extension services are crucial in providing farmers with the knowledge and resources to implement regenerative practices effectively.

b. Knowledge and Education: Empowering Farmers for Climate Resilience

Education and knowledge dissemination play a pivotal role in fostering climate resilience among farmers and land managers. Many regenerative practices, such as agroforestry and carbon farming, require a deep understanding of ecological processes and long-term planning.

Training programs, workshops, and farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing can empower agricultural communities with the necessary skills and expertise to adopt climate-resilient practices. Extension services and agricultural research institutions must collaborate with farmers to develop context-specific strategies that align with local ecological conditions and socio-economic realities.

Furthermore, knowledge exchange platforms, such as farmer cooperatives and community networks, can facilitate the sharing of best practices and lessons learned. By fostering a culture of continuous learning and innovation, these platforms empower farmers to adapt to changing climate conditions and embrace regenerative agriculture as a transformative solution.

c. Market Demand for Carbon-Sequestered Products

Creating a demand for products grown using regenerative practices is vital for scaling carbon sequestration efforts. Consumers and businesses play a significant role in driving market demand for carbon-sequestered products, encouraging farmers to adopt climate-resilient practices.

Certification programs, such as carbon labels or regenerative agriculture certifications, can enable consumers to make informed choices and support sustainable farming practices. These labels provide transparency and assurance that the products they purchase have been grown with a focus on carbon sequestration and environmental stewardship.

Similarly, businesses can take a leadership role by incorporating sustainability goals into their supply chain management. Partnering with farmers who embrace regenerative agriculture and offering premium prices for carbon-sequestered products can create a positive feedback loop, encouraging more farmers to adopt climate-friendly practices.

d. Collaborative Initiatives: Uniting Efforts for Carbon Sequestration

Collaboration is at the heart of effective carbon sequestration initiatives. Governments, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, and private sector entities must collaborate and pool resources to maximize impact.

Public-private partnerships can leverage the expertise and financial capacities of both sectors to support farmers in adopting regenerative practices. These partnerships can lead to the development of innovative financing models, research collaborations, and capacity-building programs that accelerate carbon sequestration efforts.

Moreover, international cooperation is essential to address global challenges related to climate change and carbon sequestration. Sharing knowledge, technology, and best practices across borders can create a ripple effect, inspiring and enabling countries worldwide to embrace regenerative agriculture and build climate resilience.

8. The Future of Carbon Sequestration and Climate Resilience

The future of carbon sequestration and climate resilience is filled with both challenges and opportunities. As the world grapples with the urgency of climate change, the adoption of regenerative agriculture and carbon sequestration practices becomes ever more critical.

In the coming decades, the scale-up of carbon farming, agroforestry, and other regenerative practices will be pivotal in achieving global climate goals, such as limiting global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

As governments, businesses, and communities align their efforts towards sustainability, the role of farmers and land managers as climate stewards will be increasingly recognized and celebrated. Empowered by supportive policies, financial incentives, and knowledge-sharing networks, farmers will be at the forefront of driving change, transforming the agricultural landscape for a climate-resilient future.

The future also holds promise for advancements in technology and innovation that can further enhance carbon sequestration efforts. Emerging tools, such as precision agriculture and remote sensing, can provide valuable insights into soil health, carbon storage, and land-use planning.

Furthermore, carbon markets and carbon offsetting programs present opportunities for farmers to earn additional income through carbon credits, incentivizing the adoption of regenerative practices. These economic incentives not only support farmers in their climate-resilient journey but also enable individuals and businesses to contribute directly to carbon sequestration initiatives.

As the world grapples with the urgency of climate change, the adoption of regenerative agriculture and carbon sequestration practices becomes ever more critical.

9. Conclusion

Carbon sequestration and climate resilience are intertwined paths leading towards a sustainable and thriving future for our planet. Regenerative agriculture, with its focus on building healthy soils, enhancing biodiversity, and capturing carbon, emerges as a powerful ally in the fight against climate change.

By adopting regenerative practices such as carbon farming, agroforestry, cover cropping, and composting, farmers and land managers can play a pivotal role in sequestering carbon and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Building climate resilience is not solely the responsibility of farmers; it requires collective action and collaboration across governments, businesses, civil society, and individuals. By aligning efforts, supporting regenerative agriculture, and demanding carbon-sequestered products, we can accelerate the transition to a sustainable and climate-resilient future.

As we look ahead, the journey towards carbon sequestration and climate resilience calls for courage, innovation, and determination. Together, we can cultivate a planet where nature's regenerative capacity is harnessed to secure a prosperous and harmonious coexistence for generations to come. Embracing the potential of carbon sequestration and regenerative agriculture, we embark on a transformative journey towards a climate-resilient world. Let us sow the seeds of change today to reap the rewards of a sustainable and thriving tomorrow.

References:

1. Lal, R. (2021). Soil Carbon Sequestration for Mitigating Climate Change: Past Achievements and Future Opportunities. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 76(5), 117A-124A.
2. Montgomery, D. R. (2019). Growing a Revolution: Bringing Our Soil Back to Life. W. W. Norton & Company.
3. Smith, P., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2020). Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies. Global Change Biology, 26(3), 1536-1551.
4. Rattan, L., & Kukal, S. S. (2018). Conservation Tillage and No-Till Farming: Impact on Carbon Sequestration and Soil Health. In Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (pp. 47-61). Springer, Singapore.
5. Reicosky, D. C., & Archer, D. W. (2017). Climate change mitigation: Soil's paradigm shift. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 72(1), 12A-17A.
6. Gliessman, S. R. (2019). Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems. CRC Press.
7. Nair, P. K. R., & Nair, V. D. (2017). Carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems. Advances in Agroforestry, 12, 183-210.
8. Stinner, D., & McSweeney, K. (Eds.). (2018). Agricultural Sustainability: Principles, Processes, and Prospects. CRC Press.
9. Altieri, M. A., & Nicholls, C. I. (2017). Agroecology scaling up for food sovereignty and resiliency. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 22, 161-188.
10. Harwood, R. R. (2020). Agroecology: Science and politics. Wiley Online Library.
11. Leakey, R. R. (2018). Agroforestry for Natural Resource Management. Springer Nature.
12. Soussana, J. F., & Lutfalla, S. (2019). Ecosystem carbon sequestration: The potential of a large-scale planting of trees. In Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa (pp. 189-205). Springer, Cham.
13. Brussaard, L., & Ferris, H. (2018). Soil biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. Plant and Soil, 424(1-2), 1-6.
14. Solomon, D., Lehmann, J., Kinyangi, J., Amelung, W., Lobe, I., & Pell, A. (2012). Long-term impacts of anthropogenic perturbations on dynamics and speciation of organic carbon in tropical forest and subtropical grassland ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 18(1), 258-272.
15. Chivenge, P., Mabhaudhi, T., Modi, A. T., & Mafongoya, P. (2015). The potential role of neglected and underutilised crop species as future crops under water scarce conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 5685-5711.
16. Brown, G., Poffenbarger, H., Kitchen, N., Birge, H., Sharma, B., Brandt, C., & DeLaune, P. B. (2019). Soil organic carbon storage and stability in restored native grassland ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 277, 17-25.
17. Ouyang, W., Hao, F. H., Song, X. F., Fan, W. H., & Li, H. (2019). Carbon sequestration and its potential in agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems, 93(2), 449-457.
18. Chodak, M., & Niklińska, M. (2010). Carbon content in soils of different forest types and under different tree species. Geoderma, 158(3-4), 401-411.
19. Edgerton, M. D. (2009). Increasing crop productivity to meet global needs for feed, food, and fuel. Plant Physiology, 149(1), 7-13.
20. Snapp, S. S., Swinton, S. M., Labarta, R., Mutch, D., Black, J. R., Leep, R., ... & O'Neil, K. (2005). Evaluating cover crops for benefits, costs and performance within cropping system niches. Agronomy Journal, 97(1), 322-332.